Steel clips made from modified 5160H spring steel are used to hold down railway rails to sleepers. The clip has shown fatigue failure, and the cracks are so aligned as to indicate mixed mode loading, i.e. torsion and tension; the latter due to bending. Specimens has been tested for torsional and push-pull fatigue. Biaxial fatigue theories are used to achieve design conclusions in order to avoid fatigue failure of the clip.
IBRAHIM, M., & GABRA, M. (1986). FATIGUE OF RAILWAY STEEL CLIPS. The International Conference on Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering, 1(2nd Conference on Applied Mechanical Engineering.), 35-46. doi: 10.21608/amme.1986.51845
MLA
M. F.E. IBRAHIM; M. S. GABRA. "FATIGUE OF RAILWAY STEEL CLIPS". The International Conference on Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering, 1, 2nd Conference on Applied Mechanical Engineering., 1986, 35-46. doi: 10.21608/amme.1986.51845
HARVARD
IBRAHIM, M., GABRA, M. (1986). 'FATIGUE OF RAILWAY STEEL CLIPS', The International Conference on Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering, 1(2nd Conference on Applied Mechanical Engineering.), pp. 35-46. doi: 10.21608/amme.1986.51845
VANCOUVER
IBRAHIM, M., GABRA, M. FATIGUE OF RAILWAY STEEL CLIPS. The International Conference on Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering, 1986; 1(2nd Conference on Applied Mechanical Engineering.): 35-46. doi: 10.21608/amme.1986.51845